Documentary
08/09/2025
Documentary is a non-fiction film or television programme based on true information.
Different sub genres documentary are different types of documentary that are developed.
Different Modes of documentary are the different styles or ways are used for a filmmaker to present reality.
-Poetic mode - artistic, abstract, mood-focused
-Performative mode - personal, emotional
-Reflective mode - acknowledges it is a film
-Expository mode - VoiceOver, facts, explains a topic
-Observational mode - fly on the wall, minimal interference
-Participatory mode - filmmaker interacts with subjects
Conventional Expectations of a Traditional documentary
-Non-fiction narrative
-About the "real" (historical, political and cultural events)
-"Unstaged" footage
-Based on observation than intervention.
-Informative and educational
Visual elements of identities
08/09/2025
Today in the lesson I have learnt about visual elements of identities for different campaigns, for example logos, colours, typography, graphic elements like icons and patterns, and positioning.
The purpose of the visual elements is to create an emotion for viewers or to create some kind of impression. Also, to inform the viewers about the brand, services or products.
Personalized product packaging strategically uses customized labels featuring individual names or phrases on Coca-Cola bottles. This approach aims to create a sense of personal connection with consumers. By putting their names or phrases on the bottles, Coca-Cola aimed to make consumers feel special and unique.
The ‘Share a Coke campaign successfully combined personalized product packaging and user-generated content engagement to create a powerful marketing strategy. The campaign made consumers feel special and became active participants in promoting the brand.
Old Spice’s “The Man Your Man Could Smell Like” Campaign
-Humorous content: The humorous and absurd scenarios portrayed in the commercials resonated with viewers, resulting in widespread sharing across various social media platforms.
Why use an identity in campaign
- Builds recognition - (logo, colour palette, typography) it makes easier to recognise a campaign on different social media other than channel so audience remembers it.
- Differentiate your brand - it is important to have your own and unique identity, which makes the campaign stand out.
- Emotional connection - an identity can create an emotional connection, having deeper connection with audience and campaign.
Introduction to Blender
09/09/2025
In this lesson I tried to use Blender for the first time. I tried to make different shapes in different sizes with colours. It was hard for me, because I didn't really understand much and it's my first time experiencing with Blender. To ad new mesh: Shift A, to rotate select an item and press R.
Promoting a social campaign
10/09/2025
A social media campaign is a coordinated marketing effort to reinforce or assist with a business goal using one or more social media platforms. Campaigns differ from everyday social media efforts because of their increased focus, targeting and measurability.
Techniques of an advertising campaign that is useful in creating a social campaign:
-High quality visuals and videos
-Engaging with your audience
-Partnering with the influencers
-Be specific: boost sales, and improve customer engagement
-Go where your audience is (Social media platform like Tik Tok, Instagram, Facebook)
-Giveaways: reward your followers and gain new ones by giveaway on your social channels
-Effective hashtags: Using relevant hashtags increases the discoverability of your social media posts. Hashtags help categorize your content and make it more popular
Experiencing with Blender
10/09/2025
In this experiment I tried to move some of the shapes and I also added shape of a monkey in pink colour.
Shot sizes and angles
11/09/2025
-In a long shot, the character is usually still noticeable in the frame. But in an Extreme Long Shot(ELS), it’s not always necessary to see the character. The ELS or EWS functions best as an establishing shot, as more of the location is in the frame.
-They're commonly referred to as a "long shot"
-High angle shot: looking down, makes subject look weak or small.
I really like how it turned out with taking a picture from the high angle and the light looks better now, because it is not really bright. To make this picture look better its to lower the exposure, so the background doesn't look too bright.
-Low angle shot: looking up, makes subject look powerful/intimidating.
The picture and the angle in general looks good, but its overexposed again and the sky looks too white, makes it look like its nothing up there.
Here as well, its better to lower the exposure.
Fundamentals of editing
15/09/2025
The Kuleshov effect
Who Is Kuleshov?
- Lev Kuleshov was a filmmaker who wanted to create a distinction between the various artistic mediums, including cinema, literature, theater, and photography. He was fascinated by the power film editors had to manipulate the emotions of the audience. The question he posed is, “what differentiated cinema from other mediums?” and he believed the answer was how the materials presented were organized. Thus, the Kuleshov effect was born and continues to influence modern filmmaking more than a century later.
How Did Kuleshov Prove His Effect?
More than a decade after proposing his question, Kule shov demonstrated the effectby setting up a series of demonstrations where he cut between the same shot of a man and a shot of something else to determine what emotions each would convey. The first was the man followed by a shot of a child in a casket, the second was the man and a bowl of soup, and the third was man followed by a woman lying on a couch. Respectively, these corresponding shots conveyed sadness, hunger, and lust.
30 degree effect
180 degree rule
- A camera movement that helps to understand how two characters stand and experience their surroundings in relation to one another.
Shot/reverse shot
- Multiple single shots edited together in a way that alternates character to show both sides of a conversation.
-Creates unified space
Eyeline match
-Indicates to the audience what the character is seeing
Consistent screen direction
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Constructivists
15/09/2025
Constructivism is a perspective (or perhaps a number of related perspectives) on how people come to knowledge. Some forms of education and social research are said to adopt constructivist approaches (usually those studies undertaken from the 'interpretive' paradigm). Constructivism has been especially influential as a perspective on learning, and therefore a perspective on teaching (pedagogy, instruction).
1. Rodchenko
Rodchenko was one of the most versatile constructivist and productivist artists to emerge after the Russian Revolution. He worked as a painter and graphic designer before turning to photomontage and photography. His photography was socially engaged, formally innovative, and opposed to a painterly aesthetic. Concerned with the need for analytical-documentary photo series, he often shot his subjects from odd angles—usually high above or down below—to shock the viewer and to postpone recognition. He wrote: "One has to take several different shots of a subject, from different points of view and in different situations, as if one examined it in the round rather than looked through the same key-hole again and again."
He created his first abstract drawings, influenced by the Suprematism of Kazimir Malevich, in 1915.
In my opinion this is the strangest design I ever seen.
2. El Lissitzky
Lissitzky began his career illustrating Yiddish children's books in an effort to promote Jewish culture. He started teaching at the age of 15, maintaining his teaching career for most of his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools, and artistic media, spreading and exchanging ideas. He took this ethic with him when he worked with Malevich in heading the suprematist art group UNOVIS, when he developed a variant suprematist series of his own, Proun, and further still in 1921, when he moved to Weimar Republic.
Blurring the distinctions between real and abstract space—a zone that Lissitzky called the “interchange station between painting and architecture”—the Prouns dwell upon the formal examination of transparency, opacity, color, shape, line, and materiality, which Lissitzky ultimately extended into three-dimensional installations that transformed our experience of conventional, gravity-based space.
Coin Blender
16/09/2025
In colour section, you can choose any colour and draw on the coin and to experiment more I tried to draw a dollar sign on it. The Radius section allows to to change the size of the brush. I changed it to 25px, so the drawing I did can fit in the coin.
In Mapping choose - Stencil, so we can see the picture of the coin on the screen and then paint with it. Shift + right mouse button to resize the coin picture. Control/Command + right mouse button to rotate the coin picture. And right click of the mouse to move it.
To paint our coin with no colour, the dot of the colour should be in the middle or #FFFFFF
And this is what I did and I really like it how it turned out. I learned more by experiment in Blender again.
Social campaign poster
17/07/2025
I added more picture to show how tube strikes affect everyone, because underground transport is used by everyone. It can take 2-3 hours to go or come back by bus and that's why I put a picture where there are lots of people at the bus stop. The picture where there are people on the bikes shows that it's easier for them to travel using bike than buses or tube with lots of people.
Surrealism
22/09/2025
Surrealism is a twentieth-century literary, philosophical and artistic movement that explored the workings of the mind, championing the irrational, the poetic and the revolutionary. Surrealism aims to revolutionise human experience. It balances a rational vision of life with one that asserts the power of the unconscious and dreams. The movement’s artists find magic and strange beauty in the unexpected and the uncanny, the disregarded and the unconventional. At the core of their work is the willingness to challenge imposed values and norms, and a search for freedom.Surrealism in marketing is not only to create intriguing and modern visuals, but for brands to differentiate themselves, create emotions and memorable experiences.
In recent months, many lifestyle and fashion brands have been incorporating surrealism into digital marketing campaigns to captivate audiences, evoke emotional responses and leave a lasting impression on viewers. Esteemed brands such as Jacquemus, Isabel Marant and Louis Vuitton are taking inspiration from the 20th century art movement but putting their own contemporary spin on it, leading to some of the most bizarre, innovative and exciting marketing campaigns that we’ve seen in a long time!
Michal Batory
This is a very interesting and strange way to show weapon using bread. The background is simple, and he used bread crumbs to maybe show the mess that a weapon can make.
Surrealism in advertising
The advertising of Heinz ketchup very interesting and it looks like it is a lot of tomato pieces were cut and put up on each other. What surreal about is is that it doesn't look like a normal bottle where the ketchup is usually kept. But, Heinz used surrealism here to catch the audience's attention and to make them buy it. Positive reasons for using surrealism in advertising is to evoke strong emotions, make advertisement memorable and for different brands to differentiate and stand out.
Blender
23/09/2025
GZ- move the object down
GX- move left right
GY- make smaller to bigger
To see better the shape of the body, I turned off the Toggle X-ray to see through it better.
S- scale it
E- move down or up
On Select mode, to change the shape of the arms press E and extrude by pulling it down.
RY- rotate
GZ- move down
In this experiment, I used Blender to make the 3d body shape. I used two pictures, one from front view and one from side view to help me with shaping the body in the right way. This is so far what I did and I like how I started it, but I think I need to change the size of the hands, because I think they look a bit too short.
Social campaign poster
Surrealism
24/09/2025
I used Adobe Photoshop to make a social campaign poster about our earth and how people slowly destroying earth. Also, there is a picture of a volcano which shows how this smoke that comes from it is really bad for people and the environment. I used the tool Remove Background and it is automatically removes for you.
Student documentary
25/09/2025
Different Modes of documentary are the different styles or ways are used for a filmmaker to present reality.
-Poetic mode - artistic, abstract, mood-focused
-Performative mode - personal, emotional
-Reflective mode - acknowledges it is a film
-Expository mode - VoiceOver, facts, explains a topic
-Observational mode - fly on the wall, minimal interference
-Participatory mode - filmmaker interacts with subjects
Documentary Conventions
-Interviews
-Expert Testimonials
-Voiceover narration (Omniscient Voice)
-elements of research (facts and figures)
-Archival footage
-Reconstruction / re-enactments
-Technical Conventions (Edit, lighting, cinematography)
Analysis of student documentaries
1. Happy - A mental health documentary
2. Just Skate - A skateboarding documentary
This documentary is about skateboarding and it has an expository mode, because a VoiceOver was used to talk about how skateboarding became a sport. The convention is an interview asking different people how they started it and for how long they are doing it, and meanwhile showing videos of them how they learned to do tricks on skateboard.
3. Maria's Documentary
This is a documentary about different people talking about their experience when they moved and talk another language. I think this is a performative mode because people are sharing their emotions and how they felt and how everything changed. In my opinion, the convention is interview, each of the person had an interview by their own. It also has a technical convention such as lighting, because the light were different for every person who filmed on their phone, camera or the place they were.
Montage shots
29/09/2025
I used Adobe Premiere Pro to put the different videos of shot sizes and angels.
I selected a video I wanted to use, press I to select from where you want your video to start and then press O to where you want it to finish it.
Then press and drag the video to put to the timeline panel.
I used Type tool to add the text where is says on each video what size shot or angle it is.
Designers and social issues
29/09/2025
1. Adbusters
Adbusters Magazine is the people’s bi-monthly journal of the mental environment. We’re a global collective of writers, artists, designers, musicians, poets, philosophers and punks. Since 1989 we’ve been smashing ads, fighting corruption and speaking truth to power. We’re trying to forge a new way of living, create a whole new cultural vibe to escape the capitalist paradigm and halt humanity’s slide into a 10,000-year dark age.
Here is a pictures showing how plastic bottles we drink from destroys our planet. All the rubbish in the sea shows catches audience's attention so to make everyone realise how bad it is for our environment
2. David Gentleman
David Gentleman is an English artist, illustrator, designer and author. His latest book is My Town: An Artist’s Life in London. Earlier books include David Gentleman's Britain and related books on London, the British coastline, Paris, India and Italy. The platform-length mural on the underground at Charing Cross, enlarged from his wood engravings, is one of London’s most familiar station designs. He has designed British postage stamps, coins, symbols and anti-Iraq war placards and has held many exhibitions of watercolours, lithographs and screen-prints.
3. Brandalism
Brandalism (a portmanteau of 'brand' and 'vandalism') is an activist artist collective founded in 2012 in the United Kingdom which engages in subvertising, culture jamming, and protest art. Brandalism uses subvertising to alter and critique corporate advertising by creating parodies or spoofs to replace ads in public areas. The art is typically intended to draw attention to political and social issues such as consumerism and the environment. Advertisements produced by the Brandalism movement are silk screen printed artworks, and may take the form of a new image, or a satirical alteration to an existing image, icon or logo. The advertisements are often pasted over billboards, or propped under the glass of roadside advertising spaces.
Here is an image of an advertising campaign poster making the rounds on social media that has been marked with comments that question the motives and manipulative methods behind the design.
Secondary Research analysis
06/10/2025
The purpose of the documentary:
-Documentaries are a form of research and it's based on true information. It is primary research in to a topic that is guided by pre-production primary/secondary research.
-Research allows you to decide on a specific focus for your documentary.
Types of research:
Primary research - research conducted by you
Secondary research - research conducted by someone else
Quantitative research - this is research that shows numbers. Think of quant. It shows how much something is, not why something is.
Qualitative research - this is research that delves into the why question. It delves into more detail than how much something is.
Analysis of a documentary
The name of the documentary is The cost of living. This is a story of volunteers in food banks and community who are talking about high energy bills, prices for heat and food going up and up. Feeling neglected and left behind by the government and facing enormous energy bills, more and more people rely on their community to help put food on their table and provide a warm refuge. Food banks, social cafes and community centres are being stretched to the limit as winter looms large. As the women of Rother Valley try to keep their communities afloat, the government’s inaction stands in stark contrast.
We can see different people and the convention is interview to give their opinions and how they feel about prices going up. This makes the audience to feel sad for the people who can't afford much. As an introduction, they used VoiceOver, which means this documentary has an expository mode. The very first picture of the video has a text which says "7 million UK households will experience fuel poverty this winter" which gives the audience an idea of what this documentary will be about.
Magazine
07/10/2025
For the quote I used Stroke, type: Thin-Thin to make it more big and visible, the typeface I used here is 'Bodoni 72 Smallcaps'.
I used Adobe InDesign to make a magazine about what I learnt about or what I did in lessons. For the text I used typeface 'Lucida Grande (Regular)' and 'Bodoni 72 Smallcaps'. To put pictures in I used Rectangular Frame Tool and Command D to choose a picture from documents. I also put a powerful quote above the poster I did which is about our earth.
Experimenting with light
07/10/2025
Conducting Interviews in documentary filmmaking
09/10/2025
The function of interview in documentaries:
-Provide authenticity, credibility, and emotional resonance
-Serve as evidence: Expert Testimonials, lived experiences
-Construct narrative arcs that guide audience interpretation (They serve as a basis for your narrative structure in many cases)
Different modes (Bill Nichols) use interviews differently:
- Expository → voice of authority (Expert Testimonial)
- Participatory → interviewer visible, part of story
- Reflexive → highlights constructed nature of interview
Technical Choices & Their Meaning
-Angles: low = empowers, high = vulnerable
-B - Roll: Enhances what they are saying
-Every technical choice shapes audience perception
Things to avoid
Over-directing → staged performances
Technical obsession → losing human connection. Get comfortable with having a pause, it feels human
Editing bias → bending voices to fit narrative
Forgetting audience reception and interpretation.
Don’t over explain, let them come to a conclusion
Interviewing
We experimented with taking interview of each other. We did interview indoors and outdoors to see how different light affects the video. Also, we tried to do the sitting interview indoors and standing interview outdoors. Each shot has a good mood because everyone is smiling and the meaning of each shot is asking and then answers on questions like "What's your dream job?" or "Best day of your life?", etc. We also used medium shot so you could only see the person who is answering the questions clearly. This helped me of a better understanding of how to prepare my own documentary by choosing the right place, angle, light.
Ethical Filmmaking in documentary
20/10/2025
What Are Documentary Ethics?
Documentary ethics act as a filmmaker's guiding lights, ensuring movies tell the truth, treat people with respect, and consider their impact on viewers. Key areas include truth and accuracy, where facts form the foundation for an honest portrayal of events. Fair representation means letting subjects speak for themselves, without manipulation in storytelling or editing. Informed consent means being transparent with those filmed about the project and its potential consequences. Filmmakers must respect privacy, especially with sensitive topics, and strive to avoid harm to their subjects, audiences, or communities. Accountability means owning your film, being ready to explain your choices, and listening to feedback. Cultural sensitivity involves respecting diverse backgrounds and avoiding stereotypes. Many documentaries embrace social responsibility, choosing topics that matter and aiming to promote understanding and positive change. While different groups might have varying rules, the heart of documentary ethics lies in balancing creative storytelling with a filmmaker's responsibility to the wider world.
What is an Ethical Dilemma?
An ethical dilemma (ethical paradox or moral dilemma) is a problem in the decision-making process between two possible options, neither of which is absolutely acceptable from an ethical perspective. Although we face many ethical and moral problems in our lives, most of them come with relatively straightforward solutions.
On the other hand, ethical dilemmas are extremely complicated challenges that cannot be easily solved. Therefore, the ability to find the optimal solution in such situations is critical to everyone.
Every person may encounter an ethical dilemma in almost every aspect of their life, including personal, social, and professional.
How to Solve an Ethical Dilemma?
The biggest challenge of an ethical dilemma is that it does not offer an obvious solution that would comply with ethics al norms. Throughout the history of humanity, people have faced such dilemmas, and philosophers aimed and worked to find solutions to them.
The following approaches to solve an ethical dilemma were deduced:
- Refute the paradox (dilemma): The situation must be carefully analyzed. In some cases, the existence of the dilemma can be logically refuted.
- Value theory approach: Choose the alternative that offers the greater good or the lesser evil.
- Find alternative solutions: In some cases, the problem can be reconsidered, and new alternative solutions may arise.
Examples
Some examples of ethical dilemma include:
- Taking credit for others’ work
- Offering a client a worse product for your own profit
- Utilizing inside knowledge for your own profit
Exploring Ethics in Filmmaking
Documentary Brainstorming
23/10/2025
Ideas for documentary:
student life
music-what type of music they like
social media
what social media people use the most secondary research
Top Social Media Platforms by User Statistics 2025
Secondary Research
Top Social Media Platforms by Monthly Active Users (MAUs)
Alright, let’s get into the juicy leaderboard of 2025, where social media giants battle it out for screen time and user loyalty. We’re talking MAUs here — Monthly Active Users — the metric that separates the big players from the apps your cousin downloaded once and never opened again.
Facebook – 2.96 Billion MAUs
Still the king of the digital hill, Facebook remains one of the biggest social media platforms in 2025, with close to 3 billion active users. Yes, even Gen Z might joke that it’s “for boomers,” but when it comes to groups, events, and international reach, Facebook is still crushing it.
Bonus Stat: Facebook alone accounts for nearly 59% of global social media ad spend.
YouTube – 2.49 Billion MAUs
More than a video-sharing site, YouTube is one of the top social media platforms for creators, learners, and let’s be honest — anyone who’s ever Googled “how to fix a leaky faucet.” It’s dominating in long-form content, tutorials, and entertainment, making it a staple among popular social media platforms globally.
WhatsApp – 2.15 Billion MAUs
Owned by Meta (surprise, surprise), WhatsApp has become the global go-to for messaging, voice calls, and encrypted group chats full of memes. Especially popular in regions like South Asia, Africa, and Latin America, it’s one of the most popular social media platforms 2025 for real-time communication.
Instagram – 2.09 Billion MAUs
From aesthetic brunch photos to influencer reels and digital storefronts, Instagram is not slowing down. In fact, its user base has grown 8.3% YoY, thanks to a younger demographic and Gen Z’s obsession with Stories and Reels. It’s one of the top social media apps for branding, lifestyle content, and #ad life.
TikTok – 1.92 Billion MAUs
Want to know what the most popular social media app is among Gen Z? Look no further. TikTok continues to dominate short-form video with hyper-addictive, algorithm-driven content. With 1.92 billion users and climbing fast, it’s among the most popular social media platforms in 2025 — and likely the reason your screen time is up 30%.
WeChat – 1.34 Billion MAUs
A Chinese powerhouse, WeChat is far more than just a messaging app. It’s an all-in-one platform for payments, shopping, business, and more. If you’re looking at social media platforms in China or entering the Asian market, this is where your audience lives.
Telegram – 900 Million MAUs
Telegram has carved out its space as a privacy-first messaging app and community platform. It’s also grown among developers, crypto enthusiasts, and niche interest groups. It’s not just an alternative to WhatsApp — it’s now one of the popular social media apps globally.
Snapchat – 750 Million MAUs
Still a favorite among teens and young adults, Snapchat continues to innovate with AR filters, Bitmoji integrations, and Snap Maps. It may not be the largest, but it’s undeniably one of the top social media apps for Gen Alpha and younger millennials.
Primary research
Social media survey
Questions:
What is your age group?
Which social media platform do you use the most?
What kind of social media posts do you enjoy most? (Videos, memes, educational posts, etc.)
Do you follow brands on social media? Why or why not?
Have you ever bought a product because of social media?
What makes an ad stand out to you?
https://forms.gle/F4UAp8Z14E3rc2yZ7
From the survey results, I can see that everyone is using social media at different age, but nor everyone is following brands, because they don't think its important or otherwise, someone else wants to follow the trends, track fashion or news. The answer to the question where it says what makes an ad stand out, I saw that bright colours and if something is on sale makes it stand out and more interesting to the audience.
Group campaign
04/11/2025
In a group of 3 people which is me, Kaleb and Haris decided to make a social campaign about littering and dumping. The main goal is to show people how littering impacts on our planet and make them think more about our environment. We all agreed to do some work related to our topic. Kaleb will make an animation and his target audience is kids/young people, Haris will make a poster and his target audience is adults, and me, I will make a 2 spread pages magazine and my target audience is adults/older people. The target audiences we have is different and the purpose of it is to inform everyone how it is important to look after our environment by simply not leaving waste on the ground.
For making my magazine, I used Adobe InDesign and for the quote that is in the green I used Stroke to make it stand out. I used rhetorical question about littering "Is this temporary convenience worth the eternal silence of our oceans and the toxic legacy we leave for generations to come?" This question is designed to provoke deep thought and emotional response by contrasting the trivial act of littering (temporary convenience) with severe, long-term consequences (eternal silence of oceans, toxic legacy). On the last page I got the logo of our campaign that saying "The Don't Dump Campaign". I also put a picture of a sea and there is rubbish shaped like "sos" which makes the audience think that our planet needs help as well.
Group campaign
Primary research about littering
12/11/2025
questions about littering:
https://forms.gle/xQFzDtQFJEt3dgi7A
Results from my survey about littering, I can see answers that people think that the most common type of litter is cigarettes butts. Also the most common reason why do people litter, I got an answer "because they are lazy".
Littering refers to the illegal disposal of waste materials in both public and private spaces, contributing significantly to environmental pollution. This practice can lead to severe consequences, including contamination of land and water resources, harm to wildlife, and negative impacts on community aesthetics and property values. Litter is often a result of various human behaviors, with studies indicating that younger individuals and men are more likely to litter. Common sources of litter include construction sites, improperly covered loads on vehicles, and pedestrian waste. Cigarette butts are particularly notorious, accounting for a significant portion of litter, and taking years to decompose while potentially leaching harmful chemicals into the environment.
Background
There are many psychological reasons why people litter. For instance, they may not have a sense of ownership or respect for public spaces, and therefore do not believe there is any harm in leaving trash behind. Additionally, they may see existing litter and have less concern about adding to the debris, particularly if the item is small, such as a food wrapper or cigarette butt. If there are no places to dispose of trash or if garbage receptacles are deemed to be located in inconvenient places, people are also less likely to make an effort to properly dispose of their waste. Similarly, litterers believe that any trash they leave behind will be picked up for them. Studies have shown that younger people are more likely to litter, particularly when they are in a group. Men are also more likely to litter than women are, and people in rural areas tend to litter more than city dwellers.
However, the improper disposal of trash is not limited to pedestrians and motorists, although they are two of the most common types of litterers. Other major sources of litter come from construction zones, loading docks, uncovered trucks, business dumpsters, and household trash placed outside for garbage trucks. In such cases, these sources of waste may only be accidental contributors to the littering problem. Wind, rain, or other bad weather may cause trash that has been properly disposed of to enter the environment. Such litter often accumulates around storm drains, which may become plugged with trash, leading to localized flooding problems.
Cigarette butts are typically the most common form of litter in the United States. According to one 2011 survey by the Ocean Conservancy International Coastal Cleanup, cigarettes accounted for 32 percent of all trash gathered by volunteers. Other studies have shown that butts may account for as much as 40 percent of all litter. Studies have also shown that as many as 75 percent of cigarette smokers did not properly extinguish their butts before throwing them away. Lit cigarettes thrown from cars or left in public spaces are known to cause fires. Similarly, trash bins that are not equipped with places to specifically extinguish butts are at greater risk for fires starting inside the receptacles. A single cigarette butt can take up to twelve years to break down fully, and it may leak such chemicals as cadmium and arsenic in the process. Such chemicals are poisonous to animals and are easily spread to other parts of the environment. These chemicals can lead to groundwater contamination, poisoned wells, and polluted bodies of water.
Overview
Litter has negative consequences for the environment. Litter can be flushed into the ocean, where it leads to fish kills and a negative overall impact on all forms of marine life. Waste buildup can damage or kill plants in parks and other natural areas. Litter may also kill wild animals. In particular, plastic can be especially harmful to wildlife. Fishing lines and other filaments left on beaches are known to kill large numbers of birds who are unable to see the nearly invisible threads. They often become entangled, leading to prolonged, painful deaths. Trash that has not been properly thrown away can also end up in water, leading to dangerous algal blooms.
Litter can also have negative impacts on home values, and when allowed to collect into dangerous levels—such as with hoarders—litter can increase the risk of fire, or prevent victims from escaping burning homes. Neighborhoods with more litter also tend to have increased crime, lower property values, and be more likely to have fires. This is in part due to heightened perceptions that residents in neighborhoods with more trash care less about their homes and are therefore less likely to take an interest in preventing crime or arson. People also report feeling less safe in areas where trash is present.
Evaluation for group campaign
To inspire my work, the main research was the secondary research and also different websites about littering and information about it. It gave me more information to use for my magazine about littering in order to make it look better. I also used effective pictures to show the audience how it slowly killing our planet also to make them think while they look at them. The reason we have chosen the items we did in the group for our campaign is to inform, educate and give more information and thats why everyone did research about our topic, which is littering. My contribution to the campaign was making a magazine and I also put a logo that Haris did.
In my opinion, every item best communicates our campaign message, because we did different things for different target audience, which means that everyone will know what it is about. Yes, I do think that our items have a clear message as a cohesive campaign. By my magazine, I'm making my audience look at the pictures, read the text and think how the act of littering can damage everything. This message is clearly stated on the first page and it has a rhetorical question which provokes the audience to deep thoughts and make them emotional.
I consider adults as my main audience, because older people are usually reading magazines. I think every item would appeal to our audience, because we did different items which would be interesting for different audience. We had no difficulties in this campaign, but communication must improve. Things I would like to improve on are to add one more last page with more text, because it would look more like finished item. I really like how I did my magazine, how I placed all the pictures and text and I think it is successful, because
3-point lighting experimentation
13/11/2025
Barnardo's campaign
25/11/2025
Barnardo’s are determined to change the way the system works for you and countless children, young people and families across the UK. This means calling for changes to the law, policy, or practice that will improve children’s lives and the systems around them.
They listen to the views of the children and young people we support, as well as the insights from their frontline services. They then make recommendations to the Government and other policymakers about how they can change children’s lives for the better.
I think this campaign is very helpful, because they help children feel safer, happier and healthier.
What makes it look that is a recognisable campaign is that they use the same format like their logo at the top left corner, the small typeface text at the bottom left, which makes the audience look at the picture more. Also a list of more elements that make recognizable as a campaign:
Consistency in image
Editing
The atmosphere
The children
The children modeling
The style of photograph
Lighting
Controversy
The message behind it
And they also use the same style, like all the picture are dark except the kid which shows the audience that they are the main on the photo. The controversial issues are could be what these children are holding in their hands or where they are surrounded by. This campaign wants to make sure that every kid has warm home, plates with food and lots of opportunities.
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